Mu Burasirazuba bwa Repubulika ya Demokarasi ya Kongo, hamaze imyaka ikabakaba 30 hari intambara kandi igenda irushaho gukomera umwaka ku wundi, by’umwihariko kuva mu mpera za 2021 kugeza ubu haravugwa cyane intambara ishyamiranyije ingabo za Repubulika ya demokarasi ya Kongo n’umutwe wa M23.
Ariko se iyi ntambara ivugisha benshi muri iki gihe ikomoka he ? iyi M23 ni iki kandi yavuye he ?
Ushaka gusobanukirwa neza imvano y’iyi ntambara ica ibintu mu Burasirazuba bwa Kongo byamusaba gusubiza amaso inyuma nibura mu myaka 140 ishize.
Kuva tariki 15 z’ukwa 11 mu 1884 kugera ku ya 26 z’ukwa kabiri mu 1885 i Berlin mu Budage, hateraniye inama yari ihuje ibihugu 14 byari ibihangange muri icyo gihe byemeranya kwigarurira Afurika, bishyiraho amahame n’imirongo byagombaga kugenga icyo byari bigiye gukora, kwigarurira Afurika mu cyiswe Ubukoloni.
Muri iyo nama nta Munyafurika n’umwe wari uyirimo n’ubwo ibyari bigiye gukorwa byarebaga Afurika by’umwihariko.
Nyuma yo ku byumvikanaho ibyo bihugu byigabagabanya Afurika bititaye ku baturage, imibereho n’imibanire byabo,aho bari batuye, uko bari batuye n’amasano bari bafitanye.
Muri uko guca imipaka batitaye ku baturage n’uko babanaga hari abaturage b’Abanyarwanda bakatiweho umurongo ubatandukanya n’abavandimwe babo bahinduka abaturage b’ibindi bihugu birimo n’iyi Kongo tuvuga. Ni uko Kongo yagize abaturage bavuga Ikinyarwanda.
Abo Banyarwanda bari bahinduwe Abanyekongo n’iyo nama yo mu Budage twavugaga bakomeje kuba muri Kongo, icyo gihugu kibonye ubwigenge kuwa 30 z’ukwa 6 mu 1960 ba Banyarwanda bari barakatiweho umurongo nabo bafashwe nk’abanyekongo mu buryo bwuzuye.
Nyuma y’imyaka 20, mu mwaka wa 1982 Abanyekongo bo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu bashinze ihuriro bise ubwisungane bw’abahinzi bo muri Virunga, mu gifaransa bacyita Mutuelle des agriculteurs des Virunga (Magrivi) mu magambo ahinnye. Iryo huriro ryari rifunguriye gusa abo mu bwoko bw’Abahutu.
N’ubwo ku ikubitito iryo huriro ryari iry’Abanyekongo hari bamwe mu basirikari bakuru bari bakomeye mu butegetsi bwa Perezida Habyarimana ndetse na we ubwe bakoranye n’abari bagize iryo huriro ndetse bagira n’uruhare mu kwimakaza ivangura rishingiye ku moko no kwibasira Abatutsi muri icyo gice cya Kongo, mbese nk’uko mu Rwanda babikoraga.
Mu mwaka wa 1990 Mobutu Sese Seko wayoboraga Kongo yari yarahinduriye izina akayita Zaire, yatangije icyo yise inzira nshya ya demokarasi.
Icyo cyatumye hongera kuzamuka ivangura ry’amoko maze Abanyekongo bavuga Ikinyarwanda baribasirwa ku buryo banangiwe kwitabira ya nama Mobutu yakoranyije mu cyo yitaga kuvugurura amahame ya demokarasi mu gihugu cye, inama yiswe Conférence nationale souveraine.
Abanyekongo bavuga Ikinyarwanda babwirwaga ko ubwenegihugu bushidikanywaho,” nationalité douteuse ” mu Gifaransa.
Uko imyaka yahitaga ni ko Abanyekongo bavuga Ikinyarwanda bakomezaga kwibasirwa.
Nko mu kwezi kwa Gatatu 1993, abari batuye muri Kivu ya Ruguru barimo abahutu n’Abatutsi batewe n’abo mu yandi moko ya Kongo yitwaga Zaire muri icyo gihe.
Ibitero bikaze byatangiye kugabwa kuwa 20 ukwezi kwa Gatatu mu 1993 mu gace ka Walikale nyuma y’iminsi ibiri gusa hanyuze uwari wungirije, umuyobozi w’iyo Ntara akahavugira ijambo ryabaye imbarutso y’ubwo bwicanyi.
Ibitero bihitana hafi ibihumbi 7 mu gihe abagera ku bihumbi 300 bo bakijije amagara yabo bagahunga.
Kuva icyo gihe imibanire y’Abanyekongo bavuga Ikinyarwanda n’andi moko yakomeje kuba mibi ariko noneho biba bibi cyane mu kwezi kwa Karindwi 1994 ubwo Abanyarwanda bahungaga igihiriri bakinjira muri Kongo.
Izo mpunzi zari zivanze n’abasirikari bari bamaze gutsindwa urugamba, Interahamwe n’abandi bari bamaze kwica Abatutsi basaga miliyoni mu Rwanda.
Izo mpunzi zahamagariye Abahutu b’Abanyekongo kwitandukanya n’Abatutsi bari basanzwe babana, ni uko Abahutu bifatanya n’aba Maï Maï, Bahunde, Banyanga maze bibasira Abatutsi b’Abanyekongo.
Leta ya Mobutu yohereje muri ako gace ingabo zo kugarura ituze mu cyo bise Opération Mbata ariko aho kubikora ahubwo zifatanya n’abaturage b’ayo moko atandukanye zibafasha kurushaho gutoteza Abatutsi.
Icyo gihe Abatutsi bamwe barishwe abandi ibihumbi n’ibihumbi barahunga, imitungo yabo yigabijwe n’abo bari bamaze kubamenesha bikavugwa ko inka zabo zisaga ibihumbi 300 zariwe.
Icyo gihe Roberto Garreton wari intumwa yihariye ya komisiyo ya LONU y’uburenganzira bwa muntu wanyuze muri ako karere, yavuze ko ibyari birimo kuba muri aya magambo : “Abanyarwanda barakorerwa ivangura hagendewe ku nkomoko y’abakurambere babo. Barazizwa ko atari Abazayirwa kavukire nubwo ubwenegihugu bwabo bwemejwe mu 1961 na 1981. Kubera ibyo nta burenganzira ku bwenegihugu bafite, baramburwa ibintu byabo, barirukanwa mu ngo zabo, bakoherezwa mu bihugu byo hanze.”
Nyuma yo guhungira muri Kongo ingabo zatsinzwe mu Rwanda zifatanyije n’Interahamwe zashinze imitwe yari igamije gutera u Rwanda, habanza uwo bise RDR yaje guhindukamo ALIR1 na ALIR2 byaje kubyara FDLR mu myaka yakuriyeho.
Nubwo iyo mitwe yahinduraga amazina ariko intego yari ikiri ya yindi, gutera u Rwanda no gukomeza umugambi wa Jenoside.
Mu 1996 Abanyekongo bibumbiye mu cyo bise L’Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo AFDL bayobowe na Laurent Desire Kabila, maze bashoza intambara yaje guhirika ku butegetsi Mobutu Sese Seko.
Abanyekongo benshi by’umwihariko abavuga Ikinyarwanda bari barafashije Kabila muri iyo ntambara bariruhukije bibwira ko noneho baba bagiye guhabwa agaciro iwabo no kugira uburenganzira nk’ubw’abandi Banyekongo, icyo cyizere ariko nticyatinze kuyoyoka.
Kabila ageze ku butegetsi yarabahindutse maze bituma havuka umutwe wa RCD, rassemblement congolais pour la democratie, urwanya ubutegetsi bwa Laurent Desire Kabila.
Iyo ntambara itangiye Kabila yagiye gukorakoranya ya mitwe y’Abanyarwanda bahigiraga gutera u Rwanda aho bari barahungiye muri Kongo no hanze yayo ngo bamufashe.
Ni uko abahuriza hamwe mu kigo ahitwa i Kamina, cyakora bamwe mu bari abayobozi nka General Gratiani Kabirigi wari umuyobozi w’ibikorwa bya gisirikare muri Kongo batawe muri yombi bajyanwa Arusha mu rukiko mpanabyaha mpuzamahanga rwashyiriweho u Rwanda, ngo baburanishwe ku byaha bya jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
Ni muri ibyo bihe wa mutwe w’Abanyarwanda bagize uruhare muri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi waje no gushyirwa ku rutonde rw’imitwe y’iterabwoba, nyuma yuko wishe abakararugendo muri parc ya Rwindi muri Uganda. Ni nabwo wahinduye izina bava kuri ALIR biyita FDLR, front democratique pour la liberation du Rwanda.
Mu mwaka wa 2001 Laurent Desire Kabila wakoranaga n’umutwe wa FDLR, yaje kwicwa asimburwa n’umuhungu we Joseph Kabila.
Hagati aho ariko uko ya ntambara y’Abanyekongo bavuga Ikinyarwanda bari bibumbiye muri RCD yakomezaga haje no kuvuka undi mutwe na wo warwanyaga, Leta ya Kabila wo witwaga MLC, mouvement de liberation du Congo ukaba wari uwa J.P Bemba.
Mu gushakisha umuti w’iyo ntambara haje kuba imishyikirano i Sun City na Pretoria muri Afirika y’epfo. Kimwe mu byo bemeranyijeho cyari kurangiza intambara no kuvanga ingabo.
Ingabo za RCD n’iza MLC zagombaga guhurizwa hamwe n’izari ingabo z’igihugu Forces armees Congolaises maze bagakora ingabo zimwe z’igihugu zikitwa forces armees de la Republique Democratique du Congo FARDC, ni aho izina ry’ingabo za Congo uyu munsi rikomoka.
Nyuma y’icyo cyemezo cyo guhuza ingabo ariko bamwe mu basirikare ba wa mutwe wa RCD banze kujya mu ngabo za Leta, bavuga ko icyari cyaratumye bafata intwaro bakarwanya Leta ya Laurent Desire Kabila kitari cyaraganiriweho muri Afurika y’Epfo.
Ubwo aho kujya muri FARDC batangije undi mutwe bise congres national pour la defense du peuple CNDP wayoborwaga na General Laurent Nkunda.
CNDP yarwaniraga kugarura umutekano mu Burasirazuba bwa Kongo no guhashya FDLR kugira ngo Abanyekongo bari barameneshejwe iwabo batahuke.
Tariki ya 23 z’ukwezi kwa 3 mu mwaka wa 2009, CNDP yasinyanye na Leta ya Kongo amasezerano yagombaga gutuma abarwanyi ba CNDP binjizwa mu ngabo za Leta maze intambara ikarangira.
Tariki ya 6/5/2012 bamwe mu basirikare CNDP congres national pour la defense du peuple bari barinjijwe mu gisirikare cya Leta barivumbuye bashinja Leta yabo guha akato abasirikare bavuga Ikinyarwanda bo mu bwoko bw’Abatutsi no kutubahiriza amasezerano yasinywe tariki 23/3/2009, ubwo bakora umutwe usaba ko ayo masezerano ya 2009 yahabwa agaciro, uwo mutwe bawise M23, iyo tariki ikavuga ukwezi amasezerano yasinyiweho ari ko kwa Gatatu, mars mu gifaransa, 23 ikaba itariki amasezerano yasinyiweho muri 2009.
Abarwanyi b’uwo mutwe mushya wa M23 bahereye mu Burasirazuba birukanye ingabo za leta bigarurira igice kinini cy’intara ya Kivu ya Ruguru.
Mu kwezi kwa 11/2013 uwo mutwe wafashe Umujyi wa Goma ariko nyuma y’iminsi mike mu kwezi kwa 12 uwo mutwe uva muri uwo Mujyi binyuze ku gitutu cy’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga.
Icyo gihe Akanama k’Umutekano ka LONU katoye umwanzuro 2098 wavugaga ko hashyirwaho umutwe udasanzwe wo kurwanya M23 na FDLR.
Uwo mutwe wari ufite inshingano zo kurwanya iyo mitwe yombi.
Uwo mutwe w’ingabo za Loni ariko warwanyije gusa M23 naho FDLR urayihorera, ni uko na n’ubu FDLR ikibereye muri Kongo ifatanyije n’ingabo za Leta ya Kongo.
Nyuma yo gutsindwa n’uwo mutwe udasanzwe wari washyizweho na LONi abarwanyi ba M23 bahungiye muri Uganda no mu Rwanda.
Abo u Rwanda rwakiriye rwabambuye intwaro ndetse ruza no kuzishyikiriza Leta ya Kongo nyuma yo kubajyana kure y’umupaka wa Kongo nk’uko amategeko mpuzamahanga abisaba.
Nyuma y’imyaka 10 mu mpera z’ukwezi kwa 3 muri 2022 ba barwanyi ba M23 bari barahungiye muri Uganda barongeye batangiza urugamba binjirira i Bunagana ku mupaka wa Uganda na Kongo, bagenda bigarurira ibice byinshi by’Intara ya Kivu ya Ruguru birimo na Goma umurwa mukuru w’iyo ntara, nyuma banakomereza ndetse muri Kivu y’Epfo na Bukavu icyicaro gikuru cy’iyo ntara.
Ng’iyo imvano y’umutwe wa M23 n’impamvu abawugize ari bo Banyekongo baharanira uburenganzira bwabo bakirwana kugeza uyu munsi.
